


VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


NNAAMMEE
       ex, vi, view - text editors

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       eexx [--eeFFRRrrSSssvv] [--cc _c_m_d] [--tt _t_a_g] [--ww _s_i_z_e] [file ...]
       vvii [--eeFFllRRrrSSvv] [--cc _c_m_d] [--tt _t_a_g] [--ww _s_i_z_e] [file ...]
       vviieeww [--eeFFRRrrSSvv] [--cc _c_m_d] [--tt _t_a_g] [--ww _s_i_z_e] [file ...]

LLIICCEENNSSEE
       The vi program is freely redistributable.  You are welcome
       to copy, modify and share it with others under the  condi-
       tions  listed  in  the  LICENSE file.  If any company (not
       individual!) finds vi sufficiently useful that  you  would
       have  purchased  it,  or  if  any company wishes to redis-
       tribute it, contributions to the authors would be appreci-
       ated.

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       _V_i  is  a  screen oriented text editor.  _E_x is a line-ori-
       ented text editor.  _E_x and _v_i are different interfaces  to
       the  same  program,  and it is possible to switch back and
       forth during an edit session.  _V_i_e_w is the  equivalent  of
       using the --RR (read-only) option of _v_i.

       This manual page is the one provided with the _n_e_x_/_n_v_i ver-
       sions of the _e_x_/_v_i text editors.  _N_e_x_/_n_v_i are intended  as
       bug-for-bug   compatible  replacements  for  the  original
       Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution  (4BSD)  _e_x  and  _v_i
       programs.   For  the  rest of this manual page, _n_e_x_/_n_v_i is
       used only when it's necessary to distinguish it  from  the
       historic implementations of _e_x_/_v_i.

       This  manual  page  is intended for users already familiar
       with _e_x_/_v_i.  Anyone else should almost  certainly  read  a
       good  tutorial  on the editor before this manual page.  If
       you're in an unfamiliar environment,  and  you  absolutely
       have  to get work done immediately, read the section after
       the options description, entitled ``Fast Startup''.   It's
       probably enough to get you going.

       The following options are available:

       --cc     Execute  ccmmdd  immediately  after  starting the edit
              session.  Particularly useful for initial position-
              ing  in  the  file,  however  ccmmdd is not limited to
              positioning commands.  This  is  the  POSIX  1003.2
              interface   for   the   historic  ``+cmd''  syntax.
              _N_e_x_/_n_v_i supports both the old and new syntax.

       --ee     Start editing in ex mode, as if  the  command  name
              were _e_x.

       --FF     Don't  copy  the entire file when first starting to
              edit.  (The default is  to  make  a  copy  in  case



                         October 10, 1996                       1





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              someone  else  modifies  the  file during your edit
              session.)

       --ll     Start editing with the lisp and  showmatch  options
              set.

       --RR     Start  editing in read-only mode, as if the command
              name was _v_i_e_w, or the rreeaaddoonnllyy option was set.

       --rr     Recover the specified files, or, if  no  files  are
              specified,  list the files that could be recovered.
              If no  recoverable  files  by  the  specified  name
              exist,  the  file is edited as if the --rr option had
              not been specified.

       --SS     Run with the sseeccuurree edit  option  set,  disallowing
              all access to external programs.

       --ss     Enter  batch  mode; applicable only to _e_x edit ses-
              sions.   Batch  mode  is  useful  when  running  _e_x
              scripts.   Prompts,  informative messages and other
              user  oriented  message  are  turned  off,  and  no
              startup  files or environmental variables are read.
              This is the POSIX 1003.2 interface for the historic
              ``-''  argument.  _N_e_x_/_n_v_i supports both the old and
              new syntax.

       --tt     Start  editing  at   the   specified   tag.    (See
              _c_t_a_g_s(1)).

       --ww     Set the initial window size to the specified number
              of lines.

       --vv     Start editing in vi mode, as if  the  command  name
              was _v_i or _v_i_e_w.

       Command  input  for _e_x_/_v_i is read from the standard input.
       In the _v_i interface, it is an error if standard  input  is
       not a terminal.  In the _e_x interface, if standard input is
       not a terminal, _e_x will read commands from it  regardless,
       however, the session will be a batch mode session, exactly
       as if the --ss option had been specified.

       _E_x_/_v_i exits 0 on success, and greater than 0 if  an  error
       occurs.

FFAASSTT SSTTAARRTTUUPP
       This  section  will  tell  you the minimum amount that you
       need to do simple editing tasks using _v_i.  If you've never
       used any screen editor before, you're likely to have prob-
       lems even with this simple introduction.  In that case you
       should  find  someone  that already knows _v_i and have them
       walk you through this section.




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       _V_i is a screen editor.  This means that it takes up almost
       the  entire  screen,  displaying  part of the file on each
       screen line, except for the last line of the screen.   The
       last  line  of the screen is used for you to give commands
       to _v_i, and for _v_i to give information to you.

       The other fact that you need to understand is that _v_i is a
       modeful  editor,  i.e. you are either entering text or you
       are executing commands, and you have to be  in  the  right
       mode  to do one or the other.  You will be in command mode
       when you first start editing a file.  There  are  commands
       that  switch  you  into input mode.  There is only one key
       that takes you out of input mode, and that is the <escape>
       key.   (Key names are written using less-than and greater-
       than signs, e.g.  <escape> means the ``escape'' key,  usu-
       ally  labeled  ``esc''  on  your terminal's keyboard.)  If
       you're ever confused as to  which  mode  you're  in,  keep
       entering  the <escape> key until _v_i beeps at you.  (Gener-
       ally, _v_i will beep at you if  you  try  and  do  something
       that's not allowed.  It will also display error messages.)

       To  start  editing  a  file,  enter   the   command   ``vi
       file_name<carriage-return>''.    The  command  you  should
       enter as soon as you start editing is ``:set verbose show-
       mode<carriage-return>''.   This  will make the editor give
       you verbose error messages and display the current mode at
       the bottom of the screen.

       The commands to move around the file are:

       hh      Move the cursor left one character.

       jj      Move the cursor down one line.

       kk      Move the cursor up one line.

       ll      Move the cursor right one character.

       <<ccuurrssoorr--aarrrroowwss>>
              The cursor arrow keys should work, too.

       //tteexxtt<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Search  for  the  string  ``text'' in the file, and
              move the cursor to its first character.

       The commands to enter new text are:

       aa      Append new text, _a_f_t_e_r the cursor.

       ii      Insert new text, _b_e_f_o_r_e the cursor.

       oo      Open a new line below the line the  cursor  is  on,
              and start entering text.




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       OO      Open  a  new  line above the line the cursor is on,
              and start entering text.

       <<eessccaappee>>
              Once you've entered input mode using the one of the
              aa,  ii, OO or oo commands, use <<eessccaappee>> to quit enter-
              ing text and return to command mode.

       The commands to copy text are:

       yyyy     Copy the line the cursor is on.

       pp      Append the copied line after the line the cursor is
              on.

       The commands to delete text are:

       dddd     Delete the line the cursor is on.

       xx      Delete the character the cursor is on.

       The commands to write the file are:

       ::ww<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Write  the file back to the file with the name that
              you originally used as an argument on the  _v_i  com-
              mand line.

       ::ww ffiillee__nnaammee<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Write  the  file  back  to  the  file with the name
              ``file_name''.

       The commands to quit editing and exit the editor are:

       ::qq<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Quit editing and leave vi (if you've  modified  the
              file, but not saved your changes, _v_i will refuse to
              quit).

       ::qq!!<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Quit, discarding any  modifications  that  you  may
              have made.

       One  final  caution.   Unusual characters can take up more
       than one column on the screen, and long lines can take  up
       more  than  a single screen line.  The above commands work
       on ``physical'' characters and lines, i.e. they affect the
       entire  line  no  matter how many screen lines it takes up
       and the entire character no matter how many screen columns
       it takes up.

VVII CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
       The  following section describes the commands available in
       the command mode of the _v_i editor.  In each  entry  below,



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VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       the  tag  line is a usage synopsis for the command charac-
       ter.


       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>
              Search forward _c_o_u_n_t times for the current word.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>
              Page backwards _c_o_u_n_t screens.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
              Scroll forward _c_o_u_n_t lines.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>
              Scroll forward _c_o_u_n_t  lines,  leaving  the  current
              line and column as is, if possible.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>
              Page forward _c_o_u_n_t screens.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>>
              Display the file information.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] hh
              Move  the  cursor back _c_o_u_n_t characters in the cur-
              rent line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] jj
              Move the cursor down _c_o_u_n_t lines  without  changing
              the current column.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--LL>>

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--RR>>
              Repaint the screen.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] ++
              Move  the cursor down _c_o_u_n_t lines to the first non-
              blank character of that line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] kk
              Move the cursor up _c_o_u_n_t  lines,  without  changing
              the current column.




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       <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
              Return to the most recent tag context.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>
              Scroll backwards _c_o_u_n_t lines.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
              Switch  to the next lower screen in the window, or,
              to the first screen if there are no  lower  screens
              in the window.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>
              Scroll  backwards  _c_o_u_n_t lines, leaving the current
              line and column as is, if possible.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
              Suspend the current editor session.

       <<eessccaappee>>
              Execute _e_x commands or cancel partial commands.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>
              Push a tag reference onto the tag stack.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--^^>>
              Switch to the most recently edited file.

       [[ccoouunntt]] <<ssppaaccee>>

       [[ccoouunntt]] ll
              Move the cursor forward  _c_o_u_n_t  characters  without
              changing the current line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] !! mmoottiioonn sshheellll--aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
              Replace text with results from a shell command.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ## ##||++||--
              Increment or decrement the cursor number.

       [[ccoouunntt]] $$
              Move the cursor to the end of a line.

       %%      Move to the matching character.

       &&      Repeat  the  previous  substitution  command on the
              current line.

       ''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>

       ``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Return to a context marked by the character  _<_c_h_a_r_-
              _a_c_t_e_r_>.





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VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       [[ccoouunntt]] ((
              Back up _c_o_u_n_t sentences.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ))
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t sentences.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ,,
              Reverse find character _c_o_u_n_t times.

       [[ccoouunntt]] --
              Move  to first nonblank of the previous line, _c_o_u_n_t
              times.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ..
              Repeat the last _v_i command that modified text.

       //RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>

       //RREE// [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>

       ??RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>

       ??RREE?? [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>

       NN

       nn      Search forward or backward for  a  regular  expres-
              sion.

       00      Move to the first character in the current line.

       ::      Execute an ex command.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ;;
              Repeat the last character find _c_o_u_n_t times.

       [[ccoouunntt]] << mmoottiioonn

       [[ccoouunntt]] >> mmoottiioonn
              Shift lines left or right.

       @@ bbuuffffeerr
              Execute a named buffer.

       [[ccoouunntt]] AA
              Enter  input mode, appending the text after the end
              of the line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] BB
              Move backwards _c_o_u_n_t bigwords.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] CC
              Change text from the current position to  the  end-
              of-line.



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       [[bbuuffffeerr]] DD
              Delete  text  from the current position to the end-
              of-line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] EE
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t end-of-bigwords.

       [[ccoouunntt]] FF <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Search _c_o_u_n_t times  backward  through  the  current
              line for _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_>.

       [[ccoouunntt]] GG
              Move to line _c_o_u_n_t, or the last line of the file if
              _c_o_u_n_t not specified.

       [[ccoouunntt]] HH
              Move to the screen line _c_o_u_n_t _- _1 lines  below  the
              top of the screen.

       [[ccoouunntt]] II
              Enter  input mode, inserting the text at the begin-
              ning of the line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] JJ
              Join lines.

       [[ccoouunntt]] LL
              Move to the screen line _c_o_u_n_t _- _1 lines  above  the
              bottom of the screen.

        MM     Move  to  the  screen  line  in  the  middle of the
              screen.

       [[ccoouunntt]] OO
              Enter input mode, appending  text  in  a  new  line
              above the current line.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] PP
              Insert text from a buffer.

       QQ      Exit _v_i (or visual) mode and switch to _e_x mode.

       [[ccoouunntt]] RR
              Enter  input  mode, replacing the characters in the
              current line.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] SS
              Substitute _c_o_u_n_t lines.

       [[ccoouunntt]] TT <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Search backwards, _c_o_u_n_t times, through the  current
              line for the character _a_f_t_e_r the specified _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_-
              _t_e_r_>.




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VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       UU      Restore the current line to its  state  before  the
              cursor last moved to it.

       [[ccoouunntt]] WW
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t bigwords.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] XX
              Delete _c_o_u_n_t characters before the cursor.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] YY
              Copy  (or  ``yank'') _c_o_u_n_t lines into the specified
              buffer.

       ZZZZ     Write the file and exit _v_i.

       [[ccoouunntt]] [[[[
              Back up _c_o_u_n_t section boundaries.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ]]]]
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t section boundaries.

       ^^      Move to first nonblank  character  on  the  current
              line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] __
              Move  down  _c_o_u_n_t  _- _1 lines, to the first nonblank
              character.

       [[ccoouunntt]] aa
              Enter input mode, appending the text after the cur-
              sor.

       [[ccoouunntt]] bb
              Move backwards _c_o_u_n_t words.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] cc mmoottiioonn
              Change a region of text.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] dd mmoottiioonn
              Delete a region of text.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ee
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t end-of-words.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ff<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Search  forward,  _c_o_u_n_t  times, through the rest of
              the current line for _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_>.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ii
              Enter input mode, inserting  the  text  before  the
              cursor.

       mm <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Save  the  current  context  (line  and  column) as



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              _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_>.

       [[ccoouunntt]] oo
              Enter input mode, appending  text  in  a  new  line
              under the current line.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] pp
              Append text from a buffer.

       [[ccoouunntt]] rr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Replace _c_o_u_n_t characters.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] ss
              Substitute  _c_o_u_n_t  characters  in  the current line
              starting with the current character.

       [[ccoouunntt]] tt <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Search forward, _c_o_u_n_t times,  through  the  current
              line  for the character immediately _b_e_f_o_r_e _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_-
              _t_e_r_>.

       uu      Undo the last change made to the file.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ww
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t words.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] xx
              Delete _c_o_u_n_t characters.

       [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] yy mmoottiioonn
              Copy (or ``yank'') a text region specified  by  the
              _c_o_u_n_t and motion into a buffer.

       [[ccoouunntt11]] zz [[ccoouunntt22]] --||..||++||^^||<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
              Redraw,  optionally  repositioning and resizing the
              screen.

       [[ccoouunntt]] {{
              Move backward _c_o_u_n_t paragraphs.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ||
              Move to a specific _c_o_l_u_m_n position on  the  current
              line.

       [[ccoouunntt]] }}
              Move forward _c_o_u_n_t paragraphs.

       [[ccoouunntt]] ~~
              Reverse the case of the next _c_o_u_n_t character(s).

       [[ccoouunntt]] ~~ mmoottiioonn
              Reverse the case of the characters in a text region
              specified by the _c_o_u_n_t and _m_o_t_i_o_n.




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       <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
              Interrupt the current operation.

VVII TTEEXXTT IINNPPUUTT CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
       The following section describes the commands available  in
       the text input mode of the _v_i editor.


       <<nnuull>>  Replay the previous input.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
              Erase to the previous sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh column boundary.

       ^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
              Erase  all  of the autoindent characters, and reset
              the autoindent level.

       00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
              Erase all of the autoindent characters.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
              Insert sufficient _<_t_a_b_> and _<_s_p_a_c_e_>  characters  to
              move  forward  to the next sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh column bound-
              ary.

       <<eerraassee>>

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
              Erase the last character.

       <<lliitteerraall nneexxtt>>
              Quote the next character.

       <<eessccaappee>>
              Resolve all text input into the file, and return to
              command mode.

       <<lliinnee eerraassee>>
              Erase the current line.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>

       <<wwoorrdd eerraassee>>
              Erase  the  last  word.   The definition of word is
              dependent on the aallttwweerraassee and ttttyywweerraassee options.

       <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>[[00--99AA--FFaa--ff]]++
              Insert a character with the  specified  hexadecimal
              value into the text.

       <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
              Interrupt  text  input  mode,  returning to command
              mode.




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EEXX CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
       The following section describes the commands available  in
       the  _e_x  editor.   In  each entry below, the tag line is a
       usage synopsis for the command.


       <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
              Scroll the screen.

       !! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))

       [[rraannggee]]!! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
              Execute a shell command, or filter lines through  a
              shell command.

       ""      A comment.

       [[rraannggee]] nnuu[[mmbbeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]

       [[rraannggee]] ## [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Display  the selected lines, each preceded with its
              line number.

       @@ bbuuffffeerr

       ** bbuuffffeerr
              Execute a buffer.

       [[lliinnee]] aa[[ppppeenndd]][[!!]]
              The input text  is  appended  after  the  specified
              line.

       [[rraannggee]] cc[[hhaannggee]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]]
              The input text replaces the specified range.

       ccss[[ccooppee]] aadddd || ffiinndd || hheellpp || kkiillll || rreesseett
              Execute a Cscope command.

       [[rraannggee]] dd[[eelleettee]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Delete the lines from the file.

       ddii[[ssppllaayy]] bb[[uuffffeerrss]] || cc[[oonnnneeccttiioonnss]] || ss[[ccrreeeennss]] || tt[[aaggss]]
              Display  buffers,  Cscope  connections,  screens or
              tags.

       [[EEee]][[ddiitt]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]

       [[EEee]]xx[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
              Edit a different file.

       eexxuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
              Display usage for an _e_x command.





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       ff[[iillee]] [[ffiillee]]
              Display and optionally change the file name.

       [[FFff]]gg [[nnaammee]]
              _V_i mode only.  Foreground the specified screen.

       [[rraannggee]] gg[[lloobbaall]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]

       [[rraannggee]] vv //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
              Apply commands to lines matching (or not  matching)
              a pattern.

       hhee[[llpp]] Display a help message.

       [[lliinnee]] ii[[nnsseerrtt]][[!!]]
              The  input  text  is  inserted before the specified
              line.

       [[rraannggee]] jj[[ooiinn]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Join lines of text together.

       [[rraannggee]] ll[[iisstt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Display the lines unambiguously.

       mmaapp[[!!]] [[llhhss rrhhss]]
              Define or display maps (for _v_i only).

       [[lliinnee]] mmaa[[rrkk]] <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>

       [[lliinnee]] kk <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
              Mark the line with the mark _<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_>.

       [[rraannggee]] mm[[oovvee]] lliinnee
              Move the specified lines after the target line.

       mmkk[[eexxrrcc]][[!!]] ffiillee
              Write the abbreviations, editor options and maps to
              the specified file.

       [[NNnn]][[eexxtt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee ......]]
              Edit the next file from the argument list.

       [[lliinnee]] oo[[ppeenn]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ffllaaggss]]
              Enter open mode.

       pprree[[sseerrvvee]]
              Save the file in a form that can later be recovered
              using the _e_x --rr option.

       [[PPpp]]rreevv[[iioouuss]][[!!]]
              Edit the previous file from the argument list.

       [[rraannggee]] pp[[rriinntt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Display the specified lines.



                         October 10, 1996                      13





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       [[lliinnee]] ppuu[[tt]] [[bbuuffffeerr]]
              Append buffer contents to the current line.

       qq[[uuiitt]][[!!]]
              End the editing session.

       [[lliinnee]] rr[[eeaadd]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
              Read a file.

       rreecc[[oovveerr]] ffiillee
              Recover _f_i_l_e if it was previously saved.

       rreess[[iizzee]] [[++||--]]ssiizzee
              _V_i mode only.  Grow or shrink the current screen.

       rreeww[[iinndd]][[!!]]
              Rewind the argument list.

       ssee[[tt]] [[ooppttiioonn[[==[[vvaalluuee]]]] ......]] [[nnooooppttiioonn ......]] [[ooppttiioonn?? ......]]
              [[aallll]]
              Display or set editor options.

       sshh[[eellll]]
              Run a shell program.

       ssoo[[uurrccee]] ffiillee
              Read and execute _e_x commands from a file.

       [[rraannggee]]   ss[[uubbssttiittuuttee]]   [[//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppllaaccee//]]   [[ooppttiioonnss]]
              [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]

       [[rraannggee]] && [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]

       [[rraannggee]] ~~ [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Make substitutions.

       ssuu[[ssppeenndd]][[!!]]

       sstt[[oopp]][[!!]]

       <<ssuussppeenndd>>
              Suspend the edit session.

       [[TTtt]]aa[[gg]][[!!]] ttaaggssttrriinngg
              Edit the file containing the specified tag.

       ttaaggnn[[eexxtt]][[!!]]
              Edit  the  file containing the next context for the
              current tag.

       ttaaggpp[[oopp]][[!!]] [[ffiillee || nnuummbbeerr]]
              Pop to the specified tag in the tags stack.





                         October 10, 1996                      14





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       ttaaggpp[[rreevv]][[!!]]
              Edit the file containing the previous  context  for
              the current tag.

       uunnmm[[aapp]][[!!]] llhhss
              Unmap a mapped string.

       vvee[[rrssiioonn]]
              Display the version of the _e_x_/_v_i editor.

       [[lliinnee]] vvii[[ssuuaall]] [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              _E_x mode only.  Enter _v_i.

       [[VVii]]ii[[ssuuaall]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
              _V_i mode only.  Edit a new file.

       vviiuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
              Display usage for a _v_i command.

       [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]][[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]

       [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]] [[!!]] [[ffiillee]]

       [[rraannggee]] wwnn[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]

       [[rraannggee]] wwqq[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
              Write the file.

       [[rraannggee]] xx[[iitt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
              Write the file if it has been modified.

       [[rraannggee]] yyaa[[nnkk]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]]
              Copy the specified lines to a buffer.

       [[lliinnee]] zz [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
              Adjust the window.

SSEETT OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       There  are  a  large number of options that may be set (or
       unset) to change  the  editor's  behavior.   This  section
       describes  the  options,  their  abbreviations  and  their
       default values.

       In each entry below, the first part of the tag line is the
       full name of the option, followed by any equivalent abbre-
       viations.  The part in  square  brackets  is  the  default
       value  of  the  option.   Most of the options are boolean,
       i.e. they are either on or off, and do not have an associ-
       ated value.

       Options  apply  to  both _e_x and _v_i modes, unless otherwise
       specified.





                         October 10, 1996                      15





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       aallttwweerraassee [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Select an alternate word erase algorithm.

       aauuttooiinnddeenntt,, aaii [[ooffff]]
              Automatically indent new lines.

       aauuttoopprriinntt,, aapp [[ooffff]]
              _E_x only.  Display the current line automatically.

       aauuttoowwrriittee,, aaww [[ooffff]]
              Write  modified  files  automatically when changing
              files.

       bbaacckkuupp [[""""]]
              Backup files before they are overwritten.

       bbeeaauuttiiffyy,, bbff [[ooffff]]
              Discard control characters.

       ccddppaatthh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee CCDDPPAATTHH,, oorr ccuurrrreenntt ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
              The  directory  paths used as path prefixes for the
              ccdd command.

       cceeddiitt [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
              Set the character to edit  the  colon  command-line
              history.

       ccoolluummnnss,, ccoo [[8800]]
              Set the number of columns in the screen.

       ccoommmmeenntt [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Skip leading comments in shell, C and C++
              language files.

       ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ddiirr [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTMMPPDDIIRR,, oorr //ttmmpp]]
              The directory where temporary files are created.

       eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,, eedd [[ooffff]]
              Remember the values of the ``c'' and ``g'' suffices
              to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee commands, instead of initializing
              them as unset for each new command.

       eerrrroorrbbeellllss,, eebb [[ooffff]]
              _E_x only.  Announce error messages with a bell.

       eexxrrcc,, eexx [[ooffff]]
              Read the startup files in the local directory.

       eexxtteennddeedd [[ooffff]]
              Regular    expressions    are    extended     (i.e.
              _e_g_r_e_p(1)-style) expressions.

       ffiilleecc [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
              Set  the  character to perform file path completion



                         October 10, 1996                      16





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


              on the colon command line.

       ffllaasshh [[oonn]]
              Flash the screen instead of beeping the keyboard on
              error.

       hhaarrddttaabbss,, hhtt [[88]]
              Set the spacing between hardware tab settings.

       iicclloowweerr [[ooffff]]
              Makes  all Regular Expressions case-insensitive, as
              long as an upper-case letter does not appear in the
              search string.

       iiggnnoorreeccaassee,, iicc [[ooffff]]
              Ignore case differences in regular expressions.

       kkeeyyttiimmee [[66]]
              The 10th's of a second _e_x_/_v_i waits for a subsequent
              key to complete a key mapping.

       lleeffttrriigghhtt [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Do left-right scrolling.

       lliinneess,, llii [[2244]]
              _V_i only.  Set the number of lines in the screen.

       lliisspp [[ooffff]]
              _V_i  only.   Modify  various  search  commands   and
              options  to work with Lisp.  _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t
              _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       lliisstt [[ooffff]]
              Display lines in an unambiguous fashion.

       lloocckk [[oonn]]
              Attempt to get an exclusive lock on any file  being
              edited, read or written.

       mmaaggiicc [[oonn]]
              Treat   certain  characters  specially  in  regular
              expressions.

       mmaattcchhttiimmee [[77]]
              _V_i only.  The 10th's of a second  _e_x_/_v_i  pauses  on
              the matching character when the sshhoowwmmaattcchh option is
              set.

       mmeessgg [[oonn]]
              Permit messages from other users.

       mmooddeelliinneess,, mmooddeelliinnee [[ooffff]]
              Read the first and last few lines of each file  for
              _e_x   commands.    _T_h_i_s   _o_p_t_i_o_n   _w_i_l_l   _n_e_v_e_r   _b_e



                         October 10, 1996                      17





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


              _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       nnoopprriinntt [[""""]]
              Characters that  are  never  handled  as  printable
              characters.

       nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu [[ooffff]]
              Precede  each  line displayed with its current line
              number.

       ooccttaall [[ooffff]]
              Display  unknown  characters  as   octal   numbers,
              instead of the default hexadecimal.

       ooppeenn [[oonn]]
              _E_x  only.   If this option is not set, the ooppeenn and
              vviissuuaall commands are disallowed.

       ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt [[oonn]]
              _V_i only.  Optimize text throughput to  dumb  termi-
              nals.  _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa [[IIPPLLPPPPPPQQPPPP LLIIppppllppiippbbpp]]
              _V_i  only.   Define  additional paragraph boundaries
              for the {{ and }} commands.

       ppaatthh [[]]
              Define additional directories to search  for  files
              being edited.

       pprriinntt [[""""]]
              Characters  that  are  always  handled as printable
              characters.

       pprroommpptt [[oonn]]
              _E_x only.  Display a command prompt.

       rreeaaddoonnllyy,, rroo [[ooffff]]
              Mark the file and session as read-only.

       rreeccddiirr [[//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr]]
              The directory where recovery files are stored.

       rreeddrraaww,, rree [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Simulate an  intelligent  terminal  on  a
              dumb one.  _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       rreemmaapp [[oonn]]
              Remap keys until resolved.

       rreeppoorrtt [[55]]
              Set  the  number  of  lines  about which the editor
              reports changes or yanks.




                         October 10, 1996                      18





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       rruulleerr [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Display a row/column ruler on  the  colon
              command line.

       ssccrroollll,, ssccrr [[wwiinnddooww // 22]]
              Set the number of lines scrolled.

       sseeaarrcchhiinnccrr [[ooffff]]
              Makes the // and ??  commands incremental.

       sseeccttiioonnss,, sseecctt [[NNHHSSHHHH HHUUnnhhsshh]]
              _V_i  only.  Define additional section boundaries for
              the [[[[ and ]]]] commands.

       sseeccuurree [[ooffff]]
              Turns off all access to external programs.

       sshheellll,, sshh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee SSHHEELLLL,, oorr //bbiinn//sshh]]
              Select the shell used by the editor.

       sshheellllmmeettaa [[~~{{[[**??$$``''""\\]]
              Set the meta characters  checked  to  determine  if
              file name expansion is necessary.

       sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh,, ssww [[88]]
              Set  the  autoindent  and shift command indentation
              width.

       sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Note matching ``{'' and ``(''  for  ``}''
              and ``)'' characters.

       sshhoowwmmooddee,, ssmmdd [[ooffff]]
              _V_i  only.   Display  the  current editor mode and a
              ``modified'' flag.

       ssiiddeessccrroollll [[1166]]
              _V_i only.  Set the amount a left-right  scroll  will
              shift.

       sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww [[ooffff]]
              Delay  display  updating  during  text input.  _T_h_i_s
              _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       ssoouurrcceeaannyy [[ooffff]]
              Read startup files not owned by the  current  user.
              _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

       ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss [[88]]
              This option sets tab widths for the editor display.

       ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll [[00]]
              Set the number of  significant  characters  in  tag
              names.



                         October 10, 1996                      19





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       ttaaggss,, ttaagg [[ttaaggss //vvaarr//ddbb//lliibbcc..ttaaggss //ssyyss//kkeerrnn//ttaaggss]]
              Set the list of tags files.

       tteerrmm,, ttttyyttyyppee,, ttttyy [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTEERRMM]]
              Set the terminal type.

       tteerrssee [[ooffff]]
              This  option  has historically made editor messages
              less verbose.  It has no effect in this implementa-
              tion.

       ttiillddeeoopp [[ooffff]]
              Modify  the ~~ command to take an associated motion.

       ttiimmeeoouutt,, ttoo [[oonn]]
              Time out on keys which may be mapped.

       ttttyywweerraassee [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Select an alternate erase algorithm.

       vveerrbboossee [[ooffff]]
              _V_i only.  Display an error message for every error.

       ww330000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
              _V_i  only.   Set the window size if the baud rate is
              less than 1200 baud.

       ww11220000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
              _V_i only.  Set the window size if the baud  rate  is
              equal to 1200 baud.

       ww99660000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
              _V_i  only.   Set the window size if the baud rate is
              greater than 1200 baud.

       wwaarrnn [[oonn]]
              _E_x only.  This option causes a warning  message  to
              the  terminal  if the file has been modified, since
              it was last written, before a !!  command.

       wwiinnddooww,, ww,, wwii [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS]]
              Set the window size for the screen.

       wwiinnddoowwnnaammee [[ooffff]]
              Change the icon/window name  to  the  current  file
              name even if it can't be restored on editor exit.

       wwrraapplleenn,, wwll [[00]]
              _V_i  only.  Break lines automatically, the specified
              number of columns from the  left-hand  margin.   If
              both  the  wwrraapplleenn  and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn edit options are
              set, the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn value is used.





                         October 10, 1996                      20





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       wwrraappmmaarrggiinn,, wwmm [[00]]
              _V_i only.  Break lines automatically, the  specified
              number  of  columns from the right-hand margin.  If
              both the wwrraapplleenn and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn  edit  options  are
              set, the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn value is used.

       wwrraappssccaann,, wwss [[oonn]]
              Set searches to wrap around the end or beginning of
              the file.

       wwrriitteeaannyy,, wwaa [[ooffff]]
              Turn off file-overwriting checks.

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS
       _C_O_L_U_M_N_S
              The number of columns on the  screen.   This  value
              overrides  any  system or terminal specific values.
              If the _C_O_L_U_M_N_S environmental variable  is  not  set
              when  _e_x_/_v_i  runs, or the ccoolluummnnss option is explic-
              itly reset by the user, _e_x_/_v_i enters the value into
              the environment.

       _E_X_I_N_I_T A list of _e_x startup commands, read if the variable
              _N_E_X_I_N_I_T is not set.

       _H_O_M_E   The user's home  directory,  used  as  the  initial
              directory path for the startup ``$_H_O_M_E/.nexrc'' and
              ``$_H_O_M_E/.exrc'' files.  This value is also used  as
              the default directory for the _v_i ccdd command.

       _L_I_N_E_S  The number of rows on the screen.  This value over-
              rides any system or terminal specific  values.   If
              the  _L_I_N_E_S  environmental  variable is not set when
              _e_x_/_v_i runs, or the lliinneess option is explicitly reset
              by  the user, _e_x_/_v_i enters the value into the envi-
              ronment.

       _N_E_X_I_N_I_T
              A list of _e_x startup commands.

       _S_H_E_L_L  The user's shell of  choice  (see  also  the  sshheellll
              option).

       _T_E_R_M   The  user's terminal type.  The default is the type
              ``unknown''.  If the _T_E_R_M environmental variable is
              not  set  when  _e_x_/_v_i  runs,  or the tteerrmm option is
              explicitly reset by  the  user,  _e_x_/_v_i  enters  the
              value into the environment.

       _T_M_P_D_I_R The  location  used  to stored temporary files (see
              also the ddiirreeccttoorryy edit option).

AASSYYNNCCHHRROONNOOUUSS EEVVEENNTTSS




                         October 10, 1996                      21





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


       SIGALRM
              _V_i_/_e_x uses this signal for periodic backups of file
              modifications and to display ``busy'' messages when
              operations are likely to take a long time.

       SIGHUP

       SIGTERM
              If the current buffer has changed since it was last
              written  in  its  entirety,  the editor attempts to
              save the modified file so it can  be  later  recov-
              ered.  See the _v_i_/_e_x Reference manual section enti-
              tled ``Recovery'' for more information.

       SIGINT When an interrupt occurs, the current operation  is
              halted,  and  the  editor  returns  to  the command
              level.  If interrupted during text input, the  text
              already  input  is resolved into the file as if the
              text input had been normally terminated.

       SIGWINCH
              The screen is resized.   See  the  _v_i_/_e_x  Reference
              manual  section  entitled ``Sizing the Screen'' for
              more information.

       SIGCONT

       SIGQUIT

       SIGTSTP
              _V_i_/_e_x ignores these signals.

FFIILLEESS
       /bin/sh
              The default user shell.

       /etc/vi.exrc
              System-wide vi startup file.

       /tmp   Temporary file directory.

       /var/tmp/vi.recover
              The default recovery file directory.

       $HOME/.nexrc
              1st choice for user's home directory startup  file.

       $HOME/.exrc
              2nd  choice for user's home directory startup file.

       .nexrc 1st choice for local directory startup file.

       .exrc  2nd choice for local directory startup file.




                         October 10, 1996                      22





VI(1)                                                       VI(1)


SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       _c_t_a_g_s(1), _m_o_r_e(3), _c_u_r_s_e_s(3), _d_b_o_p_e_n(3)

       The ``Vi Quick Reference'' card.

       ``An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi'',  found  in
       the ``UNIX User's Manual Supplementary Documents'' section
       of both the 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD manual sets.  This  document
       is  the  closest thing available to an introduction to the
       _v_i screen editor.

       ``Ex Reference Manual (Version 3.7)'', found in the ``UNIX
       User's  Manual  Supplementary  Documents'' section of both
       the 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD manual sets.  This document  is  the
       final  reference for the _e_x editor, as distributed in most
       historic 4BSD and System V systems.

       ``Edit: A tutorial'', found in the  ``UNIX  User's  Manual
       Supplementary  Documents''  section  of  the 4.3BSD manual
       set.  This document is an introduction to a simple version
       of the _e_x screen editor.

       ``Ex/Vi  Reference  Manual'',  found  in the ``UNIX User's
       Manual Supplementary Documents''  section  of  the  4.4BSD
       manual  set.  This document is the final reference for the
       _n_e_x_/_n_v_i text editors, as distributed in 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-
       Lite.

       _R_o_f_f source for all of these documents is distributed with
       _n_e_x_/_n_v_i in the _n_v_i_/_U_S_D_._d_o_c directory of the _n_e_x_/_n_v_i source
       code.

       The   files   ``autowrite'',  ``input'',  ``quoting''  and
       ``structures'' found in the  _n_v_i_/_d_o_c_s_/_i_n_t_e_r_n_a_l_s  directory
       of the _n_e_x_/_n_v_i source code.

HHIISSTTOORRYY
       The  _n_e_x_/_n_v_i  replacements  for  the  _e_x_/_v_i  editor  first
       appeared in 4.4BSD.

SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS
       _N_e_x_/_n_v_i is close to IEEE Std1003.2 (``POSIX'').  That doc-
       ument  differs  from  historical _e_x_/_v_i practice in several
       places; there are changes to be made on both sides.













                         October 10, 1996                      23


